№ 1,
2022
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Geography and scale of greenhouse gas degasation in Azerbaijan
1 - Institute of Oil and Gas of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan,
9, F.Amirov str., Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ 1000: vagif.kerimov@mail.ru
2 - Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting, 23, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997
3 - Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University 16/21, Azadlig prosp., Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1000
Summary
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The paper considers the conditions and scale of degassing in the territory of Azerbaijan. The structure of greenhouse gas emissions and the dynamics of emissions of carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4 and nitrogen oxide N2O generated from stationary sources in the territory of Azerbaijan are shown. Based on the research, the geography of greenhouse gas degassing and the volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by components in the territory of Azerbaijan were determined. It is analyzed that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions generated by stationary sources in Azerbaijan are formed as a result of the production activities of a number of industries, such as mining; provision of electricity, gas and steam; air conditioning; manufacturing industries; water supply; cleaning of drains; construction industry; agriculture and forestry; transport, storage and communication; repair of vehicles and motorcycles and other activities. The share of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex that emit greenhouse gases and pollute the atmosphere is about 60%. Recent studies show that in the territory of Azerbaijan, along with anthropogenic degassing, the deep and crustal degassing of the Earth also plays an active role.
Keywords: Azerbaijan, Earth degassing, long-lived green-house gases, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, anthropogenic gas emissions, deep, crustal geofluidodynamic systems
REFERENCES
Aliev A.A., Guliyev I.S., Dadashev F.G., Rakhmanov R.R. Atlas of mud volcanoes of the world. Nafta-Press. Baku, 2015, 323 p. (in Russian).
Bayramova Sh.S., Taghiyeva Y.N., Babazadeh A.D. Micropaleontological studies of the maykop series, south-eastern edge of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan). ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No.1, 2021, pp. 56-74.
Bogoyavlensky V.I., Kerimov V.Yu., Olkhovskaya O.O. Dangerous gas-saturated objects in the waters of the World Ocean: the Sea of Okhotsk. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 6, 2016, pp. 43-47 (in Russian).
Bogoyavlensky V., Bogoyavlensky I., Nikonov R., Kargina T., Chuvilin E, Bukhanov B., Umnikov A. New catastrophic gas blowout and giant crater on the Yamal Peninsula in 2020. Results of the expedition and data processing. Geosciences, Vol. 11, No. 71, 2021, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ geosciences11020071.
Bogoyavlensky V.I., Sizov O.S., Nikonov R.A., Bogoyavlensky I.V., Kargina T.N. Earth degassing in the Arctic: the genesis of natural and anthropogenic methane emissions. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, No. 3(39), 2020, pp. 6-22 (in Russian).
Buachidze G.I., Mkheidze B.S. Natural gases of Georgia. Metsniereba. Tbilisi, 1989, 155 p. (in Russian).
Butler J.H., Montzka S.A. The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI). Published online Spring 2018, from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html.
Chelidze T.L. Thermodynamic conditions and petrophysical models of sections of the Caucasus earth's crust. In: The structure of the earth's crust of the Georgia territory according to seismic and magnetic data. Metsniereba. Tbilisi, 1983, pp. 97-115 (in Russian).
Dadashev F.G. Gas content of the productive strata of the South-Eastern Caucasus. Elm. Baku, 1970, 150 p. (in Russian).
Dadashev F.G., Guliyev I.S. Gas content of Meso-Cenozoic deposits and prospecting for new gas fields in the South Cas-pian Basin. In: Essays on the geology of Azerbaijan. Azerneshr. Baku, 1984, pp. 126-147 (in Russian).
Dadashev F.G., Guliyev I.S., Feyzullaev A.A. Geotectonic and geochemical features of the Earth degassing within geosyn-clinal regions. In: Earth degassing and geotectonics. Proceedings of the All-Union Symposium. Moscow, 1980, pp. 116-123 (in Russian).
Friedlingstein P., Jones M.W. et al. Global Carbon Budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, Vol. 11, 2019, pp.1783-1838, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019.
Hsueh D.Y., Krakauer N.Y. et al. Regional patterns of radiocarbon and fossil fuel-derived CO2 in surface air across North America. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, L02816, 2007.
Galimov E.M. Geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. Nedra. Moscow, 1968, 226 p. (in Russian).
Galimov E.M. Isotopes of carbon in oil and gas geology. Nedra. Moscow, 1973, 384 p. (in Russian).
Gemp S.D., Dubrova N.V., Nesmelova Z.N. Isotope composition of carbon in carbon-containing gases (CH4 and CO2) mud volcanoes of the Kerch-Taman region. Geochemistry, No. 2, 1970, pp. 243-247 (in Russian).
Geology of Azerbaijan. Vol. VII – Oil and gas. Nafta-Press. Baku, 2008, 672 p. (in Russian).
Glumov I.F., Malovitsky Ya.P., Novikov A.A. Regional geology and oil and gas potential of the Caspian Sea. Nedra-Business Center. Moscow, 2004, 342 p. (in Russian).
Guliyev I.S. Zonality of natural gases of Azerbaijan and gas-geochemical prospecting for oil and gas. Abstract of PhD dissertation (geology), Moscow, 1978, 24 p. (in Russian).
Guliyev I.S., Kerimov V.Yu. Hydrocarbon degassing of the Earth: monitoring, scale and geoecological consequences. Actual problems of oil and gas. Vol. 4(23), 2018, 79 p. (in Russian).
Guliev I.S., Kerimov V.Y., Etirmishli G.D., Yusubov N.P., Mustaev R.N., Huseynova A.B. Modern geodynamic processes and their impact on replenishment of hydrocarbon resources in the Black Sea – Caspian Region. Geotectonics, No. 55, 2021, pp. 393-407.
Guliev I.S., Mustaev R.N., Kerimov V.Y., Yudin M.N. Degassing of the Earth: scale and implications. Gornyi Zhurnal, No. 11, 2018, pp. 38-42 (in Russian).
Gurbanov V.Sh., Hasanov A.B., Abbasova G.G. The stochastic character of distribution of granulometric content and fractality of porous structure in oil reservoirs. ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No. 2, 2019, pp. 54-60.
Ivanov V.V., Guliyev I.S. Mass transfer, hydrocarbon formation and phase transitions in sedimentary basins. Nafta-Press. Baku, 2002, 108 p. (in Russian).
Javadova A.S. Petroleum source rock characteriazation and hydrocarbon generation, Baku archipelago, South Caspian basin. ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No.1, 2021, pp. 29-42.
Kadirov F.A., Safarov R.T. Earth's crust deformation in Azerbaijan and adjacent territories according to GPS measurements. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Earth Sciences, No. 1, 2013, pp. 47-55 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Y., Bondarev A.V., Mustaev R.N., Khoshtariya V.N. Estimation of geological risks in searching and exploration of hydrocarbon deposits. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 8, 2017, pp. 36-41 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Yu., Kosyanov V.A., Mustaev R.N. Great depths in the crust – peculiarities of hydrocarbon generation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 459, No. 4, pp. 042-090, 2020, DOI: 10.1088/ 1755-1315/459/4/042090 (a).
Kerimov V.Y., Leonov M.G., Mustaev R.N. Structural-tectonic model of hydrocarbons formation in the basement of the Vietnam shelf. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 459(4), pp. 042-091, 2020b, DOI:10.1088/ 1755-1315/459/4/042091.
Kerimov V.Y., Leonov M.G., Osipov A.V., Mustaev R.N., Hai V.N. Hydrocarbons in the basement of the South China Sea (Vietnam) shelf and structural-tectonic model of their formation. Geotectonics, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2019, pp. 42-59, DOI:10.1134/S0016852119010035.
Kerimov V.Y., Mustaev R.N., Osipov A.V. Peculiarities of Hydrocarbon Generation at Great Depths in the Crust. Doklady Earth Sciences. Vol. 483, Part 1, 2018, pp. 1413-1417.
Kerimov V.Yu., Mustaev R.N. Lithological and geochemical characterization of low-permeability shale strata (A-case-study of khadum formation in Ciscaucasia). Gorny Zhurnal, No. 7, 2021, pp. 28-33 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Yu., Mustaev R.N., Dmitrievsky S.S., Yandarbiev N.Sh., Kozlova E.V. The shale hydrocarbons prospects in the low permeability khadum formation of the Pre-Caucasus. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 10, 2015, pp. 50-53 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Y., Osipov A.V., Mustaev R.N., Monakova A.S. Modeling of petroleum systems in regions with complex geological structure. 16th Science and Applied Research Conference on Oil and Gas Geological Exploration and Development, GEOMODEL 2014. DOI:10.3997/2214-4609.20142245 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Yu., Shilov G.Ya., Mustaev R.N., Dmitrievsky S.S. Thermobaric conditions of hydrocarbons accumulations formation in the shale low-permeability oil reservoirs of khadum suite of the Ciscaucasia. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 2, 2016, pp. 8-11 (in Russian).
Khan S.A. Analysis of global carbon storage projects. Georesources. Vol. 4(36), 2010, pp. 55-62. (in Russian).
Klubkov S., Emelyanov K., Zotov N. CCUS: monetization of CO2 emissions. VYGON Consulting, No. 8, 2021, 48 p. (in Russian).
Lapidus A.L., Kerimov V.Y., Mustaev R.N., Salikhova I.M., Zhagfarov F.G. Natural Bitumens: physicochemical properties and production technologies. Solid Fuel Chemistry, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2018, pp. 344-355.
Lavrushin V.Yu. Subsurface fluids of the Greater Caucasus and its surrounding. GEOS. Moscow, 2012, 348 p. (in Russian).
Lavrushin V.Yu., Polyak B.G. Sources of carbon-containing gases in mud volcanoes of the CIS. New ideas in geology and geochemistry of oil and gas. GEOS. Moscow, 1997, pp. 67-70 (in Russian).
Metz B., Davidson O., de Conink H., Loos M., Meyer L. Carbon dioxide capture and storage. IPCC Special Report. 2005, 60 p.
Mustaev R.N., Kerimov Y.V., Shilov G.Y., Dmitrievsky S.S. Modeling of thermobaric conditions formation of the shale hydrocarbon accumulations in low-permeability reservoirs Khadum formation Ciscaucasia. Geomodel 2016 – 18th Science and Applied Research Conference on Oil and Gas Geological Exploration and Development, 2016, DOI:10.3997/2214-4609.201602185.
Panteleev I.Ya. Carbonated waters of the North Caucasus. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Moscow, 1963, 190 p. (in Russian).
Saunois M., Stavert A.R., Poulter B. et al. The global methane budget 2000-2017. Earth System Science Data, 2019, 136 p.
Senin B.V., Kerimov V.Y., Mustaev R.N., Aliyeva S.A. Lithological and paleogeographic conditions for the formation and location of sedimentary basins of the Caspian region. ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No. 1, 2021, pp. 16-28.
Shibata S., Kawano E., Nakabayashi T. Atmospheric [14C] CO2 variations in Japan during 1982–1999 based on 14C measurements of rice grains. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 63, No. 2, 2005, pp. 285-290.
Sutton M.A., Bleeker A., Howard C.M. et al. Our nutrient world: the challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Edinburgh, UK, 2013, 114 p., http://www.inms.international/sites/inms.international/files/ONW.pdf.
State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic. 2022, https://www.stat.gov.az/source/balance_fuel/lang=en.
The energy report: 100 % renewable energy by 2050. WWF, 2011, 253 p.
Tsogoev V.B. Hydromineral resources of North Ossetia. Ir publishing house. Ordzhonikidze, 1969, 419 p. (in Russian).
Uspensky A.B. Measurements of greenhouse gas concentration fields in the atmosphere from satellites. Report on the Seminar of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Center “Planeta”, Roshydromet. Moscow, 2021 (in Russian).
Valyaev B.M., Grinchenko Yu.I., Erokhin V.E. Isotope appearance of gases of mud volcanoes. Lithology and Minerals, No. 1, 1985, pp. 72-87 (in Russian).
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 15 dated 25 November 2019 (in Russian).
DOI:
10.33677/ggianas20220100072
Keywords: Azerbaijan, Earth degassing, long-lived green-house gases, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, anthropogenic gas emissions, deep, crustal geofluidodynamic systems
REFERENCES
Aliev A.A., Guliyev I.S., Dadashev F.G., Rakhmanov R.R. Atlas of mud volcanoes of the world. Nafta-Press. Baku, 2015, 323 p. (in Russian).
Bayramova Sh.S., Taghiyeva Y.N., Babazadeh A.D. Micropaleontological studies of the maykop series, south-eastern edge of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan). ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No.1, 2021, pp. 56-74.
Bogoyavlensky V.I., Kerimov V.Yu., Olkhovskaya O.O. Dangerous gas-saturated objects in the waters of the World Ocean: the Sea of Okhotsk. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 6, 2016, pp. 43-47 (in Russian).
Bogoyavlensky V., Bogoyavlensky I., Nikonov R., Kargina T., Chuvilin E, Bukhanov B., Umnikov A. New catastrophic gas blowout and giant crater on the Yamal Peninsula in 2020. Results of the expedition and data processing. Geosciences, Vol. 11, No. 71, 2021, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ geosciences11020071.
Bogoyavlensky V.I., Sizov O.S., Nikonov R.A., Bogoyavlensky I.V., Kargina T.N. Earth degassing in the Arctic: the genesis of natural and anthropogenic methane emissions. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, No. 3(39), 2020, pp. 6-22 (in Russian).
Buachidze G.I., Mkheidze B.S. Natural gases of Georgia. Metsniereba. Tbilisi, 1989, 155 p. (in Russian).
Butler J.H., Montzka S.A. The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI). Published online Spring 2018, from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html.
Chelidze T.L. Thermodynamic conditions and petrophysical models of sections of the Caucasus earth's crust. In: The structure of the earth's crust of the Georgia territory according to seismic and magnetic data. Metsniereba. Tbilisi, 1983, pp. 97-115 (in Russian).
Dadashev F.G. Gas content of the productive strata of the South-Eastern Caucasus. Elm. Baku, 1970, 150 p. (in Russian).
Dadashev F.G., Guliyev I.S. Gas content of Meso-Cenozoic deposits and prospecting for new gas fields in the South Cas-pian Basin. In: Essays on the geology of Azerbaijan. Azerneshr. Baku, 1984, pp. 126-147 (in Russian).
Dadashev F.G., Guliyev I.S., Feyzullaev A.A. Geotectonic and geochemical features of the Earth degassing within geosyn-clinal regions. In: Earth degassing and geotectonics. Proceedings of the All-Union Symposium. Moscow, 1980, pp. 116-123 (in Russian).
Friedlingstein P., Jones M.W. et al. Global Carbon Budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, Vol. 11, 2019, pp.1783-1838, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019.
Hsueh D.Y., Krakauer N.Y. et al. Regional patterns of radiocarbon and fossil fuel-derived CO2 in surface air across North America. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, L02816, 2007.
Galimov E.M. Geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. Nedra. Moscow, 1968, 226 p. (in Russian).
Galimov E.M. Isotopes of carbon in oil and gas geology. Nedra. Moscow, 1973, 384 p. (in Russian).
Gemp S.D., Dubrova N.V., Nesmelova Z.N. Isotope composition of carbon in carbon-containing gases (CH4 and CO2) mud volcanoes of the Kerch-Taman region. Geochemistry, No. 2, 1970, pp. 243-247 (in Russian).
Geology of Azerbaijan. Vol. VII – Oil and gas. Nafta-Press. Baku, 2008, 672 p. (in Russian).
Glumov I.F., Malovitsky Ya.P., Novikov A.A. Regional geology and oil and gas potential of the Caspian Sea. Nedra-Business Center. Moscow, 2004, 342 p. (in Russian).
Guliyev I.S. Zonality of natural gases of Azerbaijan and gas-geochemical prospecting for oil and gas. Abstract of PhD dissertation (geology), Moscow, 1978, 24 p. (in Russian).
Guliyev I.S., Kerimov V.Yu. Hydrocarbon degassing of the Earth: monitoring, scale and geoecological consequences. Actual problems of oil and gas. Vol. 4(23), 2018, 79 p. (in Russian).
Guliev I.S., Kerimov V.Y., Etirmishli G.D., Yusubov N.P., Mustaev R.N., Huseynova A.B. Modern geodynamic processes and their impact on replenishment of hydrocarbon resources in the Black Sea – Caspian Region. Geotectonics, No. 55, 2021, pp. 393-407.
Guliev I.S., Mustaev R.N., Kerimov V.Y., Yudin M.N. Degassing of the Earth: scale and implications. Gornyi Zhurnal, No. 11, 2018, pp. 38-42 (in Russian).
Gurbanov V.Sh., Hasanov A.B., Abbasova G.G. The stochastic character of distribution of granulometric content and fractality of porous structure in oil reservoirs. ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No. 2, 2019, pp. 54-60.
Ivanov V.V., Guliyev I.S. Mass transfer, hydrocarbon formation and phase transitions in sedimentary basins. Nafta-Press. Baku, 2002, 108 p. (in Russian).
Javadova A.S. Petroleum source rock characteriazation and hydrocarbon generation, Baku archipelago, South Caspian basin. ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No.1, 2021, pp. 29-42.
Kadirov F.A., Safarov R.T. Earth's crust deformation in Azerbaijan and adjacent territories according to GPS measurements. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Earth Sciences, No. 1, 2013, pp. 47-55 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Y., Bondarev A.V., Mustaev R.N., Khoshtariya V.N. Estimation of geological risks in searching and exploration of hydrocarbon deposits. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 8, 2017, pp. 36-41 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Yu., Kosyanov V.A., Mustaev R.N. Great depths in the crust – peculiarities of hydrocarbon generation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 459, No. 4, pp. 042-090, 2020, DOI: 10.1088/ 1755-1315/459/4/042090 (a).
Kerimov V.Y., Leonov M.G., Mustaev R.N. Structural-tectonic model of hydrocarbons formation in the basement of the Vietnam shelf. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 459(4), pp. 042-091, 2020b, DOI:10.1088/ 1755-1315/459/4/042091.
Kerimov V.Y., Leonov M.G., Osipov A.V., Mustaev R.N., Hai V.N. Hydrocarbons in the basement of the South China Sea (Vietnam) shelf and structural-tectonic model of their formation. Geotectonics, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2019, pp. 42-59, DOI:10.1134/S0016852119010035.
Kerimov V.Y., Mustaev R.N., Osipov A.V. Peculiarities of Hydrocarbon Generation at Great Depths in the Crust. Doklady Earth Sciences. Vol. 483, Part 1, 2018, pp. 1413-1417.
Kerimov V.Yu., Mustaev R.N. Lithological and geochemical characterization of low-permeability shale strata (A-case-study of khadum formation in Ciscaucasia). Gorny Zhurnal, No. 7, 2021, pp. 28-33 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Yu., Mustaev R.N., Dmitrievsky S.S., Yandarbiev N.Sh., Kozlova E.V. The shale hydrocarbons prospects in the low permeability khadum formation of the Pre-Caucasus. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 10, 2015, pp. 50-53 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Y., Osipov A.V., Mustaev R.N., Monakova A.S. Modeling of petroleum systems in regions with complex geological structure. 16th Science and Applied Research Conference on Oil and Gas Geological Exploration and Development, GEOMODEL 2014. DOI:10.3997/2214-4609.20142245 (in Russian).
Kerimov V.Yu., Shilov G.Ya., Mustaev R.N., Dmitrievsky S.S. Thermobaric conditions of hydrocarbons accumulations formation in the shale low-permeability oil reservoirs of khadum suite of the Ciscaucasia. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, No. 2, 2016, pp. 8-11 (in Russian).
Khan S.A. Analysis of global carbon storage projects. Georesources. Vol. 4(36), 2010, pp. 55-62. (in Russian).
Klubkov S., Emelyanov K., Zotov N. CCUS: monetization of CO2 emissions. VYGON Consulting, No. 8, 2021, 48 p. (in Russian).
Lapidus A.L., Kerimov V.Y., Mustaev R.N., Salikhova I.M., Zhagfarov F.G. Natural Bitumens: physicochemical properties and production technologies. Solid Fuel Chemistry, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2018, pp. 344-355.
Lavrushin V.Yu. Subsurface fluids of the Greater Caucasus and its surrounding. GEOS. Moscow, 2012, 348 p. (in Russian).
Lavrushin V.Yu., Polyak B.G. Sources of carbon-containing gases in mud volcanoes of the CIS. New ideas in geology and geochemistry of oil and gas. GEOS. Moscow, 1997, pp. 67-70 (in Russian).
Metz B., Davidson O., de Conink H., Loos M., Meyer L. Carbon dioxide capture and storage. IPCC Special Report. 2005, 60 p.
Mustaev R.N., Kerimov Y.V., Shilov G.Y., Dmitrievsky S.S. Modeling of thermobaric conditions formation of the shale hydrocarbon accumulations in low-permeability reservoirs Khadum formation Ciscaucasia. Geomodel 2016 – 18th Science and Applied Research Conference on Oil and Gas Geological Exploration and Development, 2016, DOI:10.3997/2214-4609.201602185.
Panteleev I.Ya. Carbonated waters of the North Caucasus. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Moscow, 1963, 190 p. (in Russian).
Saunois M., Stavert A.R., Poulter B. et al. The global methane budget 2000-2017. Earth System Science Data, 2019, 136 p.
Senin B.V., Kerimov V.Y., Mustaev R.N., Aliyeva S.A. Lithological and paleogeographic conditions for the formation and location of sedimentary basins of the Caspian region. ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences, No. 1, 2021, pp. 16-28.
Shibata S., Kawano E., Nakabayashi T. Atmospheric [14C] CO2 variations in Japan during 1982–1999 based on 14C measurements of rice grains. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 63, No. 2, 2005, pp. 285-290.
Sutton M.A., Bleeker A., Howard C.M. et al. Our nutrient world: the challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Edinburgh, UK, 2013, 114 p., http://www.inms.international/sites/inms.international/files/ONW.pdf.
State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic. 2022, https://www.stat.gov.az/source/balance_fuel/lang=en.
The energy report: 100 % renewable energy by 2050. WWF, 2011, 253 p.
Tsogoev V.B. Hydromineral resources of North Ossetia. Ir publishing house. Ordzhonikidze, 1969, 419 p. (in Russian).
Uspensky A.B. Measurements of greenhouse gas concentration fields in the atmosphere from satellites. Report on the Seminar of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Center “Planeta”, Roshydromet. Moscow, 2021 (in Russian).
Valyaev B.M., Grinchenko Yu.I., Erokhin V.E. Isotope appearance of gases of mud volcanoes. Lithology and Minerals, No. 1, 1985, pp. 72-87 (in Russian).
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 15 dated 25 November 2019 (in Russian).