№ 1,
2022
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Hydro-geophysical parameters estimation of porous aquifer using geoelectrical technique-case study from Baiji–Tikrit Sub-Basin, Iraq
1 - Directorate of Space and Communications, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 10070: zaidoon.taha@live.com
2 - Department of Applied Geology, College of Science, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq, 34001: dr.muhana@tu.edu.iq (M.M.A), sabbar.saleh@tu.edu.iq (S.A.S)
3 - Geology Department, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria, P.O. Box 6091: jasfahani@aec.org.sy
Summary
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A geoelectrical survey is carried out in Baiji–Tikrit Sub-basin, Iraq, by applying the vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique to determine the thickness, extension, and hydraulic parameters of the main aquifers. A total of 40 VESs distributed along six geoelectrical profiles were executed using liner Schlumberger configuration, with a maximum half spacing of 400 m (AB/2 = 400 m), where a penetration depth of 151 m was reached. The VESs curves are processed and interpreted manually by the auxiliary point method and automatically by IPI2win software using the manual inverse modeling to reduce the root mean square error ratio and increase the accuracy of the interpretation. The inversion results showed that the thickness of the main aquifer is about 50-128 m. The results of interpretation were used to draw a six geoelectrical sections along the survey traverses. Likewise, the results showed that the main aquifer of the area consists of sediments (sand, clay sand and clay) which belong to the Injana formation, whose conditions are apt to change in the area, from the confined type to the semi confined. Specific empirical relations have been established between the geoelectrical and hydraulic parameters. They are used to calculate the hydraulic conductivity (K) and the transmissivity (T) of the mean aquifer in the study area. The resulting K and T values are used to follow their spatial variations to delineate the suitable areas for new locations of wells.
Keywords: VES, manual inverse modeling, hydro-geological characters, transmissivity, Baiji–Tikrit sub-basin, Iraq
REFERENCES
Abdulrazzaq Z.T. Application of vertical electrical sounding to delineate and evaluate of aquifers characteristics in Baiji-Tikrit Basin. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tikrit, 2011,10 p.
Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Agbasi O.E., Aziz N.A., Etuk S.E. Identification of potential groundwater locations using geophysical data and fuzzy gamma operator model in Imo, Southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2020a, 188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01264-6.
Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Al-Ansari N., Aziz N.A., Agbasi O.E., Etuk S.E. Estimation of main aquifer parameters using geoelectric measurements to select the suitable wells locations in Bahr Al-Najaf depression, Iraq. Groundwater for Sus-tainable Development, Vol. 11, 2020b, 100437, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100437.
Agbasi O.E., Aziz N.A., Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Etuk S. E. Integrated geophysical data and GIS technique to forecast the potential groundwater locations in part of South Eastern Nigeria. Iraqi Journal of Science, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2019, pp. 1013-1022.
Al-Ani A.A. The optimum investment of groundwater in Fatha-Samarra basin. M.Sc. thesis, college of science, University of Baghdad, 1997, 114 p.
AL-Awsi M.H. and Abdulrazzaq Z.T. Implementing electrical resistivity tomography to delineate soil contamination zone, Southern Baqubah City, Iraq. Kuwait Journal of Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.48129/kjs.10674.
Al-Janabi M.A.J. Hydrochemistry of the unconfined aquifer and the relationship of unsaturated zone sediments on the groundwater quality in Tikrit – Samara basin, Ph.D. thesis, college of science, University of Baghdad, 2008, 154 p.
Al-Jobori N.H. Hydrogeological conditions of Baiji-Tikrit sub basin, M.Sc. thesis, college of science, University of Tikrit, 2011, 164 p.
Al-Kadhimi J.A.M., Sissakian V.K., Satter A.F., Diekran D.B. Tectonic map of Iraq, Scale 1:1,000,000. 2nd Edition, GEOSURV, Baghdad, 1996.
Al-Minshid F.H.K. Groundwater study of Al-Dhibaee area using electrical survey and pumping test wells. M.Sc. thesis, college of science, University of Baghdad, 2001, 119 p.
Basi M.A. and Karim S.A. The stage report of the local geological survey, Vol. 2, 1990, Laboratory Studies.
Bobachev C. "IPI2Win": a Windows software for an automatic interpretation of resistivity sounding data. PhD tesis, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 2002, 320 p.
Buday T. and Jassim S. Tectonic map of Iraq (A), scale 1:1000000. Iraq Geol. Surv. Publ., Baghdad, 1984.
de Almeida A., Maciel D.F., Sousa K.F., Nascimento C.T.C., Koide S. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) for estimation of hydraulic parameters in the porous aquifer. Water, Vol. 13, No.2, 2021, 170, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020170.
Gaikwad S., Pawar N.J., Bedse P., Wagh V., Kadam A. Delineation of groundwater potential zones using vertical electrical sounding (VES) in a complex bedrock geological setting of the West Coast of India. Modeling Earth Systems and Envi-ronment, 2021, pp. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40808-021-01223-3.
Hamza N.M., Lawa F., Yacoub S.Y., Mussa A.Z., Fouad S.F. Regional geological stage report. SEGESMI, Baghdad. Project C.E.S.A., Geological Activity, No. 2023 of Iraq Geol. Surv. Libr. Rep., 1990.
Jassim S.Z., Goff J. Geology of Iraq. Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum. Brno, 2006, 341 p.
Keller G.V. Application of resistivity methods in mineral and groundwater exploration program. Mining and Groundwater Geophysics, Geological Survey of Canada, No. 26, 1967, pp. 51-66.
Kosinski W.K., Kelly W.E. Geoelectric soundings for predicting aquifer properties. Groundwater, Vol. 19, 1981, pp. 163-171.
Lech M., Skutnik Z., Bajda M., Markowska-Lech K. Applications of electrical resistivity surveys in solving selected geotechnical and environmental problems. Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 7, 2020, 2263, https://doi.org/10.3390/ app10072263.
Orellana E., Mooney H.M. Master tables and curves for vertical electrical sounding over layered structures. Interciencia. Madrid, Spain, 1966, 34 p.
Oudeika M.S., Taşdelen S., Güngör M., Aydin A. Integrated vertical electrical sounding and hydrogeological approach for detailed groundwater pathways investigation: Gökpınar Dam Lake,
Denizli, Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 182, 2021, 104273, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jafrearsci.2021.104273.
Soomro A., Qureshi A.L., Jamali M.A., Ashraf A. Groundwater investigation through vertical electrical sounding at hilly area from Nooriabad toward Karachi. Acta Geophysica, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2019, pp. 247-261., https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11600-019-00247-9.
Virupaksha H.S., Lokesh K.N. Electrical resistivity, remote sensing and geographic information system approach for mapping groundwater potential zones in coastal aquifers of Gurpur watershed. Geocarto International, Vol. 36, No. 8, 2021, pp. 888-902, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2019. 1624986.
Youssef M.A.S. Geoelectrical analysis for evaluating the aquifer hydraulic characteristics in Ain El-Soukhna area, West Gulf of Suez, Egypt. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 85-98.
Zohdy A.A.R. A new method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves. Geophysics, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1989, pp. 245-253.
Zohdy A.A.R., Bisdorf R.J. Schlumberger soundings near Medicine Lake, California. Geophysics, Vol. 55, No. 8, 1990, pp. 956-964.
DOI:
10.33677/ggianas20220100068
Keywords: VES, manual inverse modeling, hydro-geological characters, transmissivity, Baiji–Tikrit sub-basin, Iraq
REFERENCES
Abdulrazzaq Z.T. Application of vertical electrical sounding to delineate and evaluate of aquifers characteristics in Baiji-Tikrit Basin. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tikrit, 2011,10 p.
Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Agbasi O.E., Aziz N.A., Etuk S.E. Identification of potential groundwater locations using geophysical data and fuzzy gamma operator model in Imo, Southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2020a, 188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01264-6.
Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Al-Ansari N., Aziz N.A., Agbasi O.E., Etuk S.E. Estimation of main aquifer parameters using geoelectric measurements to select the suitable wells locations in Bahr Al-Najaf depression, Iraq. Groundwater for Sus-tainable Development, Vol. 11, 2020b, 100437, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100437.
Agbasi O.E., Aziz N.A., Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Etuk S. E. Integrated geophysical data and GIS technique to forecast the potential groundwater locations in part of South Eastern Nigeria. Iraqi Journal of Science, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2019, pp. 1013-1022.
Al-Ani A.A. The optimum investment of groundwater in Fatha-Samarra basin. M.Sc. thesis, college of science, University of Baghdad, 1997, 114 p.
AL-Awsi M.H. and Abdulrazzaq Z.T. Implementing electrical resistivity tomography to delineate soil contamination zone, Southern Baqubah City, Iraq. Kuwait Journal of Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.48129/kjs.10674.
Al-Janabi M.A.J. Hydrochemistry of the unconfined aquifer and the relationship of unsaturated zone sediments on the groundwater quality in Tikrit – Samara basin, Ph.D. thesis, college of science, University of Baghdad, 2008, 154 p.
Al-Jobori N.H. Hydrogeological conditions of Baiji-Tikrit sub basin, M.Sc. thesis, college of science, University of Tikrit, 2011, 164 p.
Al-Kadhimi J.A.M., Sissakian V.K., Satter A.F., Diekran D.B. Tectonic map of Iraq, Scale 1:1,000,000. 2nd Edition, GEOSURV, Baghdad, 1996.
Al-Minshid F.H.K. Groundwater study of Al-Dhibaee area using electrical survey and pumping test wells. M.Sc. thesis, college of science, University of Baghdad, 2001, 119 p.
Basi M.A. and Karim S.A. The stage report of the local geological survey, Vol. 2, 1990, Laboratory Studies.
Bobachev C. "IPI2Win": a Windows software for an automatic interpretation of resistivity sounding data. PhD tesis, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 2002, 320 p.
Buday T. and Jassim S. Tectonic map of Iraq (A), scale 1:1000000. Iraq Geol. Surv. Publ., Baghdad, 1984.
de Almeida A., Maciel D.F., Sousa K.F., Nascimento C.T.C., Koide S. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) for estimation of hydraulic parameters in the porous aquifer. Water, Vol. 13, No.2, 2021, 170, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020170.
Gaikwad S., Pawar N.J., Bedse P., Wagh V., Kadam A. Delineation of groundwater potential zones using vertical electrical sounding (VES) in a complex bedrock geological setting of the West Coast of India. Modeling Earth Systems and Envi-ronment, 2021, pp. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40808-021-01223-3.
Hamza N.M., Lawa F., Yacoub S.Y., Mussa A.Z., Fouad S.F. Regional geological stage report. SEGESMI, Baghdad. Project C.E.S.A., Geological Activity, No. 2023 of Iraq Geol. Surv. Libr. Rep., 1990.
Jassim S.Z., Goff J. Geology of Iraq. Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum. Brno, 2006, 341 p.
Keller G.V. Application of resistivity methods in mineral and groundwater exploration program. Mining and Groundwater Geophysics, Geological Survey of Canada, No. 26, 1967, pp. 51-66.
Kosinski W.K., Kelly W.E. Geoelectric soundings for predicting aquifer properties. Groundwater, Vol. 19, 1981, pp. 163-171.
Lech M., Skutnik Z., Bajda M., Markowska-Lech K. Applications of electrical resistivity surveys in solving selected geotechnical and environmental problems. Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 7, 2020, 2263, https://doi.org/10.3390/ app10072263.
Orellana E., Mooney H.M. Master tables and curves for vertical electrical sounding over layered structures. Interciencia. Madrid, Spain, 1966, 34 p.
Oudeika M.S., Taşdelen S., Güngör M., Aydin A. Integrated vertical electrical sounding and hydrogeological approach for detailed groundwater pathways investigation: Gökpınar Dam Lake,
Denizli, Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 182, 2021, 104273, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jafrearsci.2021.104273.
Soomro A., Qureshi A.L., Jamali M.A., Ashraf A. Groundwater investigation through vertical electrical sounding at hilly area from Nooriabad toward Karachi. Acta Geophysica, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2019, pp. 247-261., https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11600-019-00247-9.
Virupaksha H.S., Lokesh K.N. Electrical resistivity, remote sensing and geographic information system approach for mapping groundwater potential zones in coastal aquifers of Gurpur watershed. Geocarto International, Vol. 36, No. 8, 2021, pp. 888-902, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2019. 1624986.
Youssef M.A.S. Geoelectrical analysis for evaluating the aquifer hydraulic characteristics in Ain El-Soukhna area, West Gulf of Suez, Egypt. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 85-98.
Zohdy A.A.R. A new method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves. Geophysics, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1989, pp. 245-253.
Zohdy A.A.R., Bisdorf R.J. Schlumberger soundings near Medicine Lake, California. Geophysics, Vol. 55, No. 8, 1990, pp. 956-964.